Ante Gotovina and the politics of international justice
In light of the ICTY’s verdict finding two Croatian military leaders, Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markac, guilty of war crimes, all the evidence points to Operation Storm being sanctioned in the fullest degree by the international community.
By Matthew Parish
Operation Storm, the August 1995 Croatian offensive to liberate Krajina from Serb control, lasted less than four days and resulted in a complete victory for Croatia over Serbia. It involved the expulsion of Serb armed forces from over 10,000 square kilometres of Croatian territory, the deaths of between 1,600 and 2,200 people (of whom between 500 and 1,200 were civilians), and the creation of between 90,000 and 250,000 Serb refugees. On 15 April 2011 the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia in The Hague declared these events a war crime, and sentenced two Croatian military leaders, Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markac, to extensive prison terms. A third defendant, Ivan Cermak, was acquitted.
The legal theory on which the defendants were convicted is the now notorious notion of a joint criminal enterprise. By this legal doctrine, a group of people agreed to perform a wartime act; that act resulted in crimes being committed; therefore everyone who participated in the agreement or its implementation is guilty of the crimes that occurred. This result follows irrespective of whether the defendants intended that a crime be committed and irrespective of whether they personally participated in any of the crimes in question. It is a doctrine of collective responsibility. Thus in the ICTY’s very first case, Prosecutor v Dusko Tadic, Mr Tadic was convicted on a JCE theory for the murder of civilians in Jaskici, a Bosnian village. He was a soldier present in Jaskici at the time some civilians were murdered. But there was no evidence he had participated in the murders in question, knew who had committed them or had even known that the murders had taken place. No robust domestic western system of criminal law would uphold such a result.
In the Gotovina case, the joint criminal enterprise identified by the Court began with a meeting with the then Croatian President Franjo Tudjman in Brijuni on 31 July 1995, at which Operation Storm was planned. The decision convicting Messrs Gotovina and Markac is at pains to emphasise the criminal responsibility of Mr Tudjman. This is a surprising feature of the Court’s judgment, because Mr Tudjman was not on trial, and thus he had no opportunity to defend himself. Indeed he died in 1999, before the indictments were raised. While historians might feel justified in criticising Mr Tudjman for his uncompromising nationalist agenda and cynical rhetoric, it is less clear that a Court should do so. Historians’ analyses are part of the ebb and flow of indefinite scholarly debate, whereas a Court’s decision has institutional legitimacy and procedural finality. That is why people should not be tried without an opportunity to defend themselves fully. Necessarily Mr Tudjman did not have that chance.
Less well known about Operation Storm is that the US Government approved it, planned it, trained Croat forces in preparation for it and provided intelligence, air support and jamming of Serb telecommunications. The course of events was streamed live to the Pentagon. The US government considered Operation Storm an essential precursor to the November 1995 Dayton negotiations that led to peace in Bosnia. After the Srebrenica massacre in July 1995, US President Bill Clinton considered a comprehensive Serb military defeat essential to persuade Serb officials to concede a negotiated resolution of the Bosnian war, and Operation Storm was an important tool to achieve this goal. No US official was placed on trial for participation in the joint criminal enterprise, or was implicated in the Court’s judgment, even though, unlike Tudjman, virtually all the relevant individuals (apart from Warren Christopher and Richard Holbrooke) are still alive.
Another little-recalled feature of Operation Storm is the participation of some 25,000 soldiers of the Muslim Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, then concentrated around the adjacent Bihac pocket of Bosnia. Their role in the invasion was coordinated by their American allies. Nevertheless no members of that army were tried, convicted or even mentioned in the Court’s comprehensive 1,377 page judgment. It is conceivable that they were referred to in the “confidential appendix”, running from page 1,378 onwards, but of this document neither the defendants nor the public have had sight.
Nor was any member of the UN Protection Force implicated by the Court, despite their presence in the buffer region ostensibly for the purpose of preventing precisely the sort of operation Croatia had decided to launch. Air strikes were not called in to prevent the Croatian army’s advance; no complaint was raised before the UN Security Council about the heavy costs weighed in human blood. The evidence points to Operation Storm being sanctioned in the fullest degree by the international community.
The historical record suggests that Operation Storm was undertaken with callous disregard for the welfare of civilians in the area, virtually all of whom by that time were Serbs. For that the convicted defendants were undoubtedly morally responsible. Before the Yugoslavian wars began, Krajina was ethnically mixed; some 80,000 Croats were expelled from the region between August and December 1991. When the shells began raining indiscriminately down in people’s gardens on 4 August 1995, the Balkan cycle of revenge was complete. The government of the self-declared Serb enclave of Republika Srpska Krajina disbanded itself the same day, and ordered the evacuation of its own citizens. A number of those who remained were forcibly evicted or murdered; few returned. Fifteen years on, what was RSK remains depopulated and impoverished.
Yet we should not neglect the possibility that Clinton and his team were right to support this ethically controversial operation. Perhaps a further 2,000 deaths were a price worth paying to bring ethnic homogeneity and thus political stability to post-war Croatia, and to force the Bosnian Serbs to agree to the creation of the now profoundly dysfunctional Dayton Bosnia. Such a ruthless calculus prevailed in the NATO bombing of Kosovo in 1999, as a result of which several thousand people were killed and tens of thousands of refugees were displaced with a view of achieving ethnic separation between Serbs and Kosovar Albanians. Subsequent UN administration of Kosovo led to the territory’s independence, much as Operation Storm yielded viable territorial integrity for the contemporary Republic of Croatia.
The modern Balkan nations were forged in war. Where separation of hostile peoples was complete, as in Croatia and Serbia, a subsequent diplomatic renaissance has proven imaginable. Where different ethnic groups remain unhappily held together, as in Bosnia and Kosovo, political turmoil and instability have prevailed. If this is the lesson of the Balkan conflicts, it is an unhappy portent of human nature.
Have the prosecutions in the ICTY for Operation Storm led to ethnic reconciliation? This seems unlikely. Gotovina’s heroic stature in Croatian folklore appears cemented by his conviction, as the tens of thousands of demonstrators in his favour across Croatia in the short period since the pronouncement of his guilt have illustrated. Taking into account the time he has already served awaiting trial, and the Hague Tribunal’s rules for early release, Mr Gotovina may be released in 2021, when he is 65. A convicted war criminal, duly embittered by an extended period of incarceration and abandonment by his former US allies, might turn out to be a future President of the EU’s next accession state. In the long run his reputation amongst his own people may emerge as immeasurably higher than that of the tribunal that convicted him. We should remember this over the careless platitudes of those who pretend that international criminal courts heal the wounds of ethnic civil war.
Matthew Parish was formerly Chief Legal Adviser to the International Supervisor of Brčko, a city in northern Bosnia subject to post-war supervision by the US government by reason of its strategic importance in the country’s conflict. He is a frequent writer and commentator on Balkan affairs. www.matthewparish.com
Mr. Parish’s book on international intervention in post-war Bosnia, ‘A Free City in the Balkans: Reconstructing a Divided Society in Bosnia (International Library of War Studies)‘, is published by I.B.Tauris.
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I think the cnviction of war crime participants should be cretically examind and be distinct from international politics and acceptable justice so as to shape the importance of conflicts resolution/management around the world otherwise in an effort to get it right may cost another conflicts.
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Fascinating piece. This is a very interesting predicament… Arguments will be made on all sides as to whether war crimes were committed, but to an objective observer with knowledge of the conflict, it is clear that the Serbs were the aggressors. Operation Storm represented an opportunity for Croats to regain their borders, and from the international standpoint (as is pointed out), put pressure on the Serbs by making them realize they could not win this conflict. Whether Tudjman was guilty of a “greater croatia” ideology is irrelevant. Croatia did not continue the onslaught when they easily could have advanced their own borders. Furthermore, the idea of inflicting casualties in the short-term to end the war and prevent greater long-term mortalities is not lost on history. Wasn’t this the thought process behind Eisenhower’s use of the “bombs” in Japan during WWII. And the motivation for the rapant use of napalm during Vietnam? To create such devastation that the enemy would be forced to surrender? Not equating events, nor am I a historian, but it seems what has happened in Croatia is for the first time in history, the war-time victors paradoxically hanging their own out to dry? And for what? To be considered to join an organization (EU) overrun with debt and mismanagement, already eerily demonstrating dictatorial policies reeking of hypicorisy. Europe it seems, is truly slow to learn the errors of its past. Their arrogance is disgusting.
All I could say is that at this war Croatians had support from West, as they had their own reason to support them. How about just 60 years ago Serbs freed the whole Balcan from Nazi and fashists and this time West did not need them so it was great to use them as the main bad guys, make war, sell guns and earn not milions, bilions of $ on poor Balcan people and this time it was Serbs used as the main problem, but next time it might be Croations, as you never know your luck next time.
Serbs had their turn, I think they would be safe for a while, and also luck goes around.
What do you have to say about it now Mr Parish, since their convictions have been overturned?